Note: This post is written in Urdu (Roman Script) and English. Unless you understand Urdu/Hindi, you will not be able to read or understand it. I will translate these later, though, since I have quite a few American visitors I noticed.
Also if you haven't read the first part you might want to read it here.
Pechli blog post mai main nay yeh clear kurnay ki koshish ki thi k scientific theory ka meaning 'theory' word k aam meaning say mukhtalif hota hai aur yeh k theory in itself complete hoti hai, mutlub k woh 2nd last level nahi hota jis nay mazeed confirm ho k law bunna hota hai. Even though theory ghalat ho sukti hai but woh guess nahi hoti bulkay aisi cheez hoti hai jo na sirf khud bohat si chezain ko explain kur rahi hoti hai bulkay us k zariye scientists predictions bana kur mazeed research kur suktay hain. Yehi waja hai k science main theory k ahmiat bohat zyada hai.
Also if you haven't read the first part you might want to read it here.
Pechli blog post mai main nay yeh clear kurnay ki koshish ki thi k scientific theory ka meaning 'theory' word k aam meaning say mukhtalif hota hai aur yeh k theory in itself complete hoti hai, mutlub k woh 2nd last level nahi hota jis nay mazeed confirm ho k law bunna hota hai. Even though theory ghalat ho sukti hai but woh guess nahi hoti bulkay aisi cheez hoti hai jo na sirf khud bohat si chezain ko explain kur rahi hoti hai bulkay us k zariye scientists predictions bana kur mazeed research kur suktay hain. Yehi waja hai k science main theory k ahmiat bohat zyada hai.
Evolution (Irtiqa)
Ager hum biological evolution ko kum say kum alfaz main bayan kurna chahain to 'descent with modifications' perfect words hain. 'Descent with modification' ek wasee term hai. Hamain maloom hai k tamam jan-daron ko maan baap say ek genetic 'naqsha' (blueprint) milta hai. Aur hamari kafi sari khasoosiat us naqshay ya blueprint k mutabik hoti hain. Hum yeh bi jantay hain k woh naqsha hamesha maan baap ki exact copy nahi hota. Hur mutawatir nasal main kuch thodri si tabdeelian aa jati hain. Jaisay jaisay woh tabdeelian jama hoti jati hain jan-dar tabdeel hotay jatay hain. Is ko hum descent with modification keh suktay hain. Aur yehi modifications ya tabdeelian bioligical evolution ka sabab bunti hain. Descent with modification wali definition us chotay pemanay pur honay evolution (microevolution) ko bi cover kurti hai jis k zariye ek hi species ki abadi ki gene frequency main tabdeeli ati hai aur us budray pemanay pur honay wali evolution (macroevolution) ko bi cover kurti hai jis main ek mushtariq mooris-e-a'laa (common ancestor) say mukhtalif species bunti hain.
Yahin say hamain evolution ka dusra ahem concept milta hai aur woh yeh k duniya pur tamam jan-daron ka mushtariq mooris-e-a'laa (common ancestor) ek hi hai. Mutlub yeh k jitnay bi jan-dar is duniya main hain woh ek hi jandar say evolve huay hain. Is concept ko samajhnay k lie behter hoga k hum zara zameen ki history of life pur ek brief si nazar daal lain.
Yahin say hamain evolution ka dusra ahem concept milta hai aur woh yeh k duniya pur tamam jan-daron ka mushtariq mooris-e-a'laa (common ancestor) ek hi hai. Mutlub yeh k jitnay bi jan-dar is duniya main hain woh ek hi jandar say evolve huay hain. Is concept ko samajhnay k lie behter hoga k hum zara zameen ki history of life pur ek brief si nazar daal lain.
History of life
Source: http://www.science.uct.ac.za
Image ko budra kurnay k liye image ko right click kur k 'view image' pur click karain
Scientists ka andaza hai k zameen takreeban 4.5 billion saal purani hai. Takreeban 1 billion saal tuk zameen ki aisi halat nahi thi k us pur koi bi life exist kur sukti. In-fact kuch different theories k mutabik 3.8-3.5 billion saal qabl duniya pur jub life shuru hui tub bi duniya ka aisa haal nahi tha k yahan pay life shuru ho sukti isi liye ek hypothesis yeh bi hai life duniya pur shuru hi nahi hui bulkay bahar say kahin say ayi (panspermia), shayad Mars say. Kyun k us wuqt Mars is halat main tha k wahan life paida ho sukti thi ya phir shayad kahin aur say.
Kher andaza yeh hai k 3.5 billion saal say qabl hi duniya main life aa chuki thi. Aur yeh qadeem jan-dar tumam maujooda aur na-paed (extinct) jan-daron ka common ancestor hai. Yad rahay k in 2 paragraphs main ab tuk jo kuch main nay likha us ka evolution k sath kuch bi taluk nahi. Evolution yeh nahi batati k zindagi kaisay shuru hui. Evolution sirf yeh batati hai k zindagi kaisay agay burhi.
Kher andaza yeh hai k 3.5 billion saal say qabl hi duniya main life aa chuki thi. Aur yeh qadeem jan-dar tumam maujooda aur na-paed (extinct) jan-daron ka common ancestor hai. Yad rahay k in 2 paragraphs main ab tuk jo kuch main nay likha us ka evolution k sath kuch bi taluk nahi. Evolution yeh nahi batati k zindagi kaisay shuru hui. Evolution sirf yeh batati hai k zindagi kaisay agay burhi.
Phir takreeban 3 billion saal qabl kuch aisay jandar paida huay jo photosynthesis ka amal kur suktay thay aur hamaray atmosphere main oxygen shamil hona shuru hui. Jis k nateejay main qisam qisam k janwar paida hona shuru huay. Takreeban 1 say 1.2 billion saal qabl sexual reproduction shuru hui jis ki waja say evolution ka process taiz hua. Kyun k sexual reproduction main genes maan baap say exact copy nahi hotay bulkay different variations bunti hai un k durmiyan. As compared to asexual reproduction jo us say pehlay hoti thi jis main genes exact copy hotay hain aur variation k chances nisbatan kum hotay hain.
Takreeban 530-550 million saal qabl ek daur aya jis k liye Cambrian explosion ka lufz istamal kiya jata hai. Kyun k yehi time tha jub nisbatan modern type k janwaron nay evolve kiya. Pehlay reedrh ki huddi walay janwar (vertebrates), bi usi daur main evolve huay. Phir takreeban 360 million saal qabl amphibians ki tarah k janwar paida huay jo k pani say bahar zindagi ka kuch hissa guzarnay walay pehlay janwar thay us say pehlay sirf plants aur invertebrates hi khushki (land) pur apni zindagi guzartay thay baki sub oceans main hotay thay. Jaisay jaisay food k chances khushki (land) pur burhtay gaye yeh janwar bi khushki ki taraf evolve kurtay gaye. 300 say 150 million saal pehlay k period main amphibians say pehlay reptiles aur phir reptiles say birds aur phir mammals evolve huay.
Takreeban 8-6 million saal pehlay tuk chimpanzees aur insan ka common ancestor ek hi tha. Wahan pay hamari 'rahain juda' ho gayin, so to speak. Yeh evolution Africa main hui. Insan ki sub say khas bat--2 paon pay chulna--takreeban 4 million saal pehlay evolve hua. Jub k zyada complex chezain jaisay k budra dimagh, bolnay ki salahiyat, art waghera inhi pechlay ek lakh (100,000) saalon main evolve hua. Jub homo sapiens (modern insan) aye.
6 million say 2 million saal qabl tuk k period main insan k ancestors sirf Africa main hi rahay. Yeh andaza is bat say lagay jata hai k us wuqt ki human species k tamam fossils sirf Africa say milay hain. Scientists k mutabik takreeban 15 say 20 different human species nay duniya main wqut guzara hai. At least fossils itnion k milay hain. Aur yeh bi k un main say kisi ka bi (ya at least zyada tur ka) koi descendent nahi hai is wuqt duniya main. 5 lakh (500,000) saal qabl hamaray sub say qareebi 'bhai' jinhain Neanderthals kehtay hain evolve huay aur takreeban 100,000 saal pehlay hum (homo sapiens) evolve huay.
Aj ki bat yahin khatam. Next post mai main explain karun ga k evolution hoti kaisay hai aur most probably us say agli main Islam ki bat hogi. Yeh jannay k liye k main next post kub kurta hun, you can subscribe by email (option can be found on the left) or follow the blog's page on facebook or my google+.
I hope you will address Macroevolution in more detail and also explore theories of intelligent design which raise important questions and gaps in evolution theory. This is not to say that I subscribe or defend ID. Just so you can balance the argument.
ReplyDeleteNeanderthals by the way are not ancestor of Homo Sapiens. Neanderthals evolved separately and lived within the confines of continental Europe. For a relatively brief period homo-sapiens and neanderthals lived side by side in Europe. Original European races (later moved into Asia) have neanderthal DNA pointing towards interspecies relations. The Neanderthals however became extinct approx. 45,000 years ago. This date is established using the most recently available fossils of Neanderthal man. It may have survived further. Nobody knows why it became extinct. There is little logical or scientific explanation. There was no scarcity of resources or direct competition.
You should also delve more into movement of modern man out of Africa and the concept of Mitochondrial Eve (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve). DNA of all modern human population shows that all humans present today come from a single woman who lived in Africa between 99-200,000 years ago.
I will keep bugging you as usual ;)
Regards
Discussing the arguments against or in favor of evolution was not the part of my original plan of writing these blog posts but I had the intention of writing why the scientists accept evolution as the main, some go so far as to say only, theory explaining life's diversity IF I could find enough space for that without extending this series of posts for too long. If I get down to posting why scientists believe evolution is important then I would also try to explore the valid (and non-religious) arguments and questions against evolution.
DeleteAs far as second part of your comment is concerned, it was my plan to dedicate a post to human evolution in particular but I really don't want to make it too complicated for the readers. My intention was to guide thoughts of people towards evolution, remove the religious arguments from the picture and if they like it they can do further research on that themselves because evolution is not an easy concept to grasp in itself. So I would take your suggestions into consideration. I will personally do more research on this as well but if I am unable to WRITE on that due to the above mentioned reasons, I apologize in advance.
Haha, I think it is for the better if you keep bugging me. I was slightly worried that I might make some mistake, even though everything I have written I wrote after thorough research, no one would correct me and instead of spreading knowledge I would be spreading misunderstanding. But if you are following and checking everything I write I would get a chance at correction if I got something wrong.
Thank you
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