Irtiqa aur Islam-Last Part: Evolution pur Islam ka Nuqta-e-nazar-2

Note: This post is written in Urdu (Roman Script) and English. Unless you understand Urdu/Hindi, you will not be able to read or understand it. 

Also if you haven't read the first four parts you can read them here: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4 and Part 5.

Pechli post mai sub say pehlay main nay Islamic Golden Age k un Muslim scientists, philosophers aur aalim-e-deen ka zikar kiya tha jinhon nay evolution aur natural selection say miltay jultay concept pesh kiye thay phir yeh bataya tha k woh concept aam kyun nahi huay thay. Us k bad yeh bataya tha k jahan bohat-son nay evolution ko accept kiya tha wahin kayi nay reject bi kiya. Un logon k 2 groups hain, ek woh jo evolution ko totally reject kurtay hain jub k dusray woh jo sirf human evolution ko reject kurtay hain. Akhir mai main nay totally reject kurnay walon ka main argument bataya tha aur yeh bi bataya tha k evolution k supporters us claim ko kaisay reject kurtay hain.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Evolution ko totally reject kurnay walon ka ek aur ahem argument jo main nay khud kafi jagah dekha hai woh hai:

Dur-haqeeqat tumhara rub Allah hai, jis nay asmanon aur zameen ko 6 dinon main paida kiya...(Quran 7:54) Translation by by Maulana Maudoodi in his Tafheem ul Quran.

Argument yeh diya jata hai k khuda nay universe aur zameen ko 6 din main paida kur diya 14 billion saal nahi lagay. 

Laikin haqeeqat yeh hai k jo loge yeh argument pesh kurtay hain woh shayad bagher research kiye hi yeh argument pesh kur detay hain. Misal k taur pur Tafheem ul Quran main hi Maulana Maudoodi jo k evolution ko reject kurnay walon main say hi hain. Yeh explain kurtay hain k Surah Al-Hajj ayat 47 main khuda furmata hai:  

Aur haqeeqat yeh hai k teray rub k haan ek din ek hazaar saal k brabar hai, us hisab say jo tum loge lagatay ho.

Aur Surah Al-Maarij ayat 4 main:

Farishtay aur Jibreel Us ki taraf ek din main churhtay hain jis ki miqdar 50 hazaar saal ki hai.

Maulana Maudoodi yeh explain kurtay hain k yeh 6 din wesay to 24 ghuntay walay 6 din bi ho suktay hain aur 6 periods of time bi ho suktay hain aur in ka mutlub Allah hi behter janta hai. Aj kul yeh bat wesay bi Muslim world main almost unanimously maani jati hai k yeh 6 din dur-haqeeqat 6 period of times thay jin k mutalik sirf khuda hi janta hai k woh kaisay periods thay. So yeh argument sirf woh loge detay hain jo Quran ki tafseer aur interpretation say bilkul na-waqif hain.

Ab main us group k arguments ki taraf ata hun jo evolution ko over-all to accept kurtay hai pur human evolution ko reject kurtay hain. Un ka main argument is ayat pur based hai.:

O mankind! Be careful of your duty to your Lord Who created you from a single soul and from it created its mate and from them twain hath spread abroad a multitude of men and women....(Quran 4:1) Transaltion by Pickthall

Is ayat ko dekh kur yeh andaza lagaya jata hai is ayat main single soul say murad Adam (A.S.) hain aur unhi say Hawwa bunin. Un ka kehna yeh hai k ager hum maan bi letay hain k Adam bandaron say evolve huay to Hawwa ki creation phir bi samajh nahi ati. Aur is say yeh prove kurnay ki koshish ki jati hai k human evolution nahi hui. 

Muslim evolutionists is k khilaf chund argument detay hain jin main say ek to woh hai jo Muhammad Asad (Leopald Weiss) nay apni kitab The Message of the Quran main diya hai. Muslim evolutionists ka kehna hai k mufasireen nay is ko Bible aur Talmud k mutabik translate kurnay ki koshish ki. Quran main is bat ka kahin bi nahi zikar k Hawwa ko kub aur kaisay Adam say banaya gaya. Even is bat ka bi clear zikar nahi k Hawwa ko Adam say banaya bi gaya k nahi. Yeh sirf Biblical interpretations kurnay walay kurtay hain. Yehi bat Maudoodi nay bi apni is ayat ki tafseer main likhi hai. Misal k taur pur dusray translators is ko is tarah bi translate kurtay hain:

O mankind! reverence your Guardian-Lord, who created you from a single person, created, of like nature, His mate, and from them twain scattered (like seeds) countless men and women....(Quran 4:1) Translation by Yusuf Ali.

O people! be careful of (your duty to) your Lord, Who created you from a single being and created its mate of the same (kind) and spread from these two, many men and women;.... (Quran 4:1) Translation by Shakir. 

Is say yeh bat kafi hud tuk clear ho jati hai k ager hum Bible aur Talmud k hisab say is ki translation na karain to is ka sirf yeh meaning bi liya ja sukta k jo mate create kiya gaya woh pehlay being ki nature ka tha na k us say create kiya gaya tha. Ya jaisay k Muhammad Asad daleel deta hai k is say shayad Adam ka mutlub lena hi ghalat hai. Bulkay is ayat main 'nafs' jis ki translation Pickthall nay 'soul', Yusuf Ali nay 'person' aur Shakir nay 'being' ki hai, ka mutlub 'living entity' (koi bi jan-dar) hai na k Adam. In either case, evolutionists ka kehna hai k yeh argument evolution k khilaf thek nahi hai.

Isi group (jo evolution accept kurtay hain pur human evolution reject kurtay hain) ka human evolution k khilaf dusra argument jo kuch scholars present kurtay hain woh yeh hai k Adam ko jannat main paida kiya gaya tha na k zameen pur.

Dr Usama Hasan aur dusray evolutionists is k khilaf yeh argument detay hain k yeh bat mutanaza hai k jis jannat main Adam aur Hawwa ki maujoodgi ka zikar hai woh zameen pur hi 'walled garden' tha ya wohi jannat hai jis main mur k tamam momineen nay jana hai. Aur apnay is argument ko support kurnay k liye woh Ibn-e-Kaseer aur Al-Tabari ko pesh kurtay hain jinhon nay yeh bat kahi hai k woh jannat ya 'walled garden' jis main Adam aur Hawwa raha kurtay thay woh zameen pur thi na ko woh jannat thi jis main momineen nay murnay k bad jatay hain.

Wesay to Islam ka ek basic asool yeh hai k jo bi cheez Islam k basic asoolon k khilaf nahi hai woh allowed hai aur ager sirf is bat ka answer kur diya jaye k evolution Quran k khilaf nahi hai to yeh kafi hai. Laikin kuch loge Quran ki ayaat say evolution ka proof denay ki koshish bi kurtay hain. Main un ka zikar nahi karun ga kyun even though main khud ko evolutionist hi samajhta hun meri nazar main Quran science, biology, history ya geography ki kitab nahi hai. Wahan jo kuch bi likha hai us ka muqsud insan ki individual, social aur political life ki behteri hai. Us main say science nikalnay ki koshish kurna meri nazar main ahmakana hai. Laikin ager koi purhna chahay to main end main links dun ga un ko check kur sukta hai.

Pur ek bat hai jo evolution aur Islam say relate kurti hai, jo kafi interesting bi hai, jis ka zikar Professor Fatimah Jackson, nay 'The Deen Institute' ki conference 'Have Muslims Misunderstood Evolution?' main bi kiya aur is series of article main wahid comment kurnay walay bhai sab Ahsan Safdar nay bi kiya aur woh yeh k scientist andaza lagatay hain k tamam insanon ka shajra e nasab ek hi aurat jisay Mitochondrial Eve ka nam diya jata hai say ja k milta hai. Isi tarah tamam insanon ka shujra e nasab Y-chromosomal Adam say bi ja k milta hai. Aur yeh bi un ka andaza hai k shayad yeh ek hi time pur zinda bi thay though scientists ka andaza hai woh kabi milay nahi. To shayad yeh possible ho k yeh wohi Adam aur Hawwa (Eve) hon jin ka zikar humain kitabon main milta hai?

 Isi k sath yeh series of posts khatam huin. Ager kisi nay shuru say ab tuk ki sari posts purhi hain to thank you for bearing with me. It was both exhausting and fun to write on this topic. Exhausting is liye k mujhe kafi sari research kurni pudri and fun is liye because I like science, Islam and writing anyways :)

Btw takreeban ek saal pehlay Deen Institute nay ek conference munaqid ki thi jis ka zikar main nay upar kiya aur us ki video main khud to nahi dekh suka kyun k Pakistan main YouTube banned hai pur ager koi aur dekh sukta hai ya dekhna chahta hai to us ka link SHAYAD yeh hai.

Ager koi Islam aur evolution k relationship pur mazeed research kurna chahta hai to nechay walay links faida-mund hon gay. In main woh bi hai jo evolution ko support kurtay hain aur woh bi jo reject kurtay hain.

http://www.thecommentator.com/article/2440/the_muslim_theory_of_evolution

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2013/jan/11/muslim-thought-on-evolution-debate

http://www.al-bab.com/arab/islam_and_evolution.htm

http://www.understanding-islam.com/q-and-a/overview-of-islam/does-islam-refute-evolution-4989

http://www.islamreligion.com/articles/657

http://www.onislam.net/english/health-and-science/faith-and-the-sciences/419283-evolution-in-the-light-of-islam-.html

http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_151_200/islam_and_darwinism.htm

http://www.islamicity.com/articles/Articles.asp?ref=FY1303-5403

http://www.islamtomorrow.com/science/default.asp

http://www.islam21c.com/theology/2127-the-prophet-adam-and-human-evolution/

http://www.khalidzaheer.com/qa/397

http://www.ldolphin.org/islamcreat.html

http://www.studying-islam.org/articletext.aspx?id=1346

Irtiqa aur Islam-Part 5: Evolution pur Islam ka Nuqta-e-nazar-1

Note: This post is written in Urdu (Roman Script) and English. Unless you understand Urdu/Hindi, you will not be able to read or understand it. 

Also if you haven't read the first four parts you can read them here: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3 and Part 4.

Is say pehlay k main aj k topic pur likhun main yeh mention kurna chahun ga k main is bat k liye qualified nahi hun k main Quran ki ayat ko samajh sakun ya interpret kur sakun. Isi liye though main apna opinion dun ga kahin na kahin pur zyada tur meri koshish sirf yehi hogi k main woh arguments samnay laun aur exactly wesay hi pesh karun jaisay evolution k supporters aur opponents unhain present kurtay hain.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Evolution ka concept Muslims k liye kuch new nahi hai. Al-Jahiz (c. 776-869), ek Muslim scientist aur philosopher, apni kitab 'Kitab al-Hayawan' main chund lines likhin jo modern concept of 'Natural Selection' say milti julti hain. Un ki Urdu translation main nahi karun ga kyun k woh already Arabic say translated hain aur main nahi chahta k main mazeed translate kur k mutlub bigadr dun ghulti say.

“Animals engage in a struggle for existence; for resources, to avoid being eaten and to breed. Environmental factors influence organisms to develop new characteristics to ensure survival, thus transforming into new species. Animals that survive to breed can pass on their successful characteristics to offspring.”

Isi tarah Nasir al-Din al-Tusi nay apni kitab Akhlaq-i-Nasri main species ki evolution ki ek si basic theory pesh ki. Sub say mazedar bat yeh hai k shayad Muslims hi thay jinhon nay sub say pehlay apes (bandaron) say insan k descent ka zikar kiya. Ekhwan Alsfa (Brethren of Purity) jo 10th century k Basra main Muslim philosophers ki ek secret society thi, us ki kitab 'Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity' main evolution ka zikar kuch is tarah ka tha k woh modern evolution theory say milta julta mana jata hai aur insan k apes say descent ka bi zikar hai. Yahan tuk socha jata hai k shayad is kitab nay Darwin ki thought ko bi influence kiya tha. Ibn Khaldun nay apni kitab 'Muqaddimah' main bi kuch aisay views ka izhar kiya hai. Ibn Sin (Avicenna) say bi evolution say connected writings relate ki jati. Isi tarah farsi scholar, Ebn Meskavayh nay apni kitab al-Fawz al-Asghar main shayad sub say clearly evolution ka idea diya. Though phir bi yeh kehna k Muslims nay natural selection ka idea diya tha zara mubaligha arai hogi.

Yahan yeh sawal bi zehen main ata hai k ager aisa hai k Muslims nay aisay concept pesh kiye thay to yeh logon main aam kyun nahi huay. Us ka jawab Ghaffar Hussain is article main deta hai jis k 2 main reason yeh hain:

1. Us daur main knowledge aisay phelayi nahi jati thi jaisay is daur main. Basra aur Qartaba (Cordoba) main centres hotay thay jahan scientists kam kurtay thay aur knowledge elite audience tuk hi mehdood rehti thi. Jub woh centres conquer aur tabah huay jaisay k mongols k hathon Baghdad, woh knowledge bi sath hi gum gaya.

2. Molvi hazraat us wuqt bi itnay hi chawal thay jitnay woh aj hain aur mazhabi knowledge k ilawa hur tarah k tareekon say knowledge hasil kurnay k khilaf thay aur Muslim leaders us wuqt bi political reason ki waja say un ka sath detay thay.

Ghaffar Hussain k mutabik isi waja say evolution ka concept aam nahi ho suka Muslim world main jub k molvi ideology phel gayi aur phir Christians ki dekha dekhi, molvion ki influence k asar Muslims world main bi evolution ki rejection phel gayi.

Jahan yeh bat such hai k over the time Muslims aalim-e-deen, scientists aur philosophers nay theory of evolution ko accept kiya hai wahan yeh bat bi such hai k bohat-son nay is ko reject bi kiya hai. Zyada tur scholars jo evolution ko reject kurtay hain un ka belief yeh k theory of evolution Quran ki tardeed kurti hai. Jo loge reject kurtay hain un main bi 2 tarah k groups hain.

1. Woh jo evolution ko outright reject kurtay hain k evolution ho hi nahi sukti aur khuda nay tamam jan-daron ko ek sath zameen samait bana diya. 

2. Dusray woh hain jo baki to hur qisam ki evolution ko accept kurtay hain aur mantay hain woh hui laikin woh insan ko ek exception k taur pur pesh kurtay hain k insan evolve nahi hua.

Evolution k woh mukhalifeen jo us ko totally reject kurtay hain un ka main argument 'Kun fayakun'  (Ho ja! Aur woh jata hai) pur based hai. Un ka kehna hai k is say andaza lagaya ja sukta hai k khuda jub koi cheez kurna chahta hai to woh kehta hai k ho ja aur woh ho jati hai fauri taur pur. Yeh nahi hota k us main 3.8 billion saal lagain gay.

Is bat ki tardeed kurnay k liye evolution k supporters ek Qurani ayat present kurtay hain jis main Jesus (P.B.U.H.) ki pedaish ka zikar hai.

“Allah k nazdeek Isa ki misal Adam ki si hai k Allah nay usay mitti say paida kiya aur aur hukam diya k ho ja aur woh ho gaya.” (Quran 3:59] Translation by Maulana Maudoodi in his Tafheem ul Quran.

Evolution k Muslim supporters ka kehna hai yeh thek hai k Allah jo chahta hai woh kur sukta hai pur yahan bi to Allah nay kaha k ho ja aur woh ho bi gaya laikin aisa to nahi hua k Hazrat Isa asman say tapak pudray. Unhon nay bakiada Mariam (A.S.) k pait main janam liya aur ek puray natural process say guzar kur paida huay. To 'kun fayakun' say yeh bilkul sabit nahi hota k Allah nay tamam jan-daron ko bagher kisi process k ek dum paida kur diya

Aj ki bat yahin khatam. 1,000 words k kareeb pohanch gaye. Next post mai main inhi sub k mazeed arguments likhun aur hopefully in series of posts ko khatam kur dun ga. Yeh jannay k liye k main next post kub kurta hun, you can subscribe by email (option can be found on the right) or follow the blog's page on facebook or my google+.

Irtiqa aur Islam-Part 4: Natural Selection

Note: This post is written in Urdu (Roman Script) and English. Unless you understand Urdu/Hindi, you will not be able to read or understand it. I will translate these later, though, since I have quite a few American visitors I noticed.

Also if you haven't read the first three parts you can read them here: Part 1, Part 2 and Part 3.

Pehli blog post mai main nay pehlay scientific theory ka mutlub clear kiya tha aur yeh show kiya tha k scientific theory ka meaning 'theory' k aam meaning say mukhtalif hota hai. 2nd mai evolution k 3 basic concepts diye k evolution basically 'descent with modifications' hai aur yeh k evolution kayi levels pur hoti hai. Ek hi species ki population ki gene frequency main bi tabdeeli ati (microevolution). Aur common ancestors say new species k nikalnay ka process bi hota hai (macroevolution). Lastly yeh k tamam jan-daron ka ek hi common ancestor hai. 3rd mai main nay yeh bataya tha k evolution hoti kaisay hai: mutation, gene flow, genetic drift aur natural selection k zariye; aur un sub ki brief description di thi.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Natural Selection ko samajhnay k liye yeh chund batain samajhna zaruri hain:

1. Tamam jandaron k itnay offsprings paida hotay hain k woh sub k sub survive aur reproduce nahi kur suktay.

2. Tamam offsprings maan baap say bi aur ek dusray say bi mukhtalif hotay hain. Mutlub un main kuch characteristic different hotay hain.

3. Woh jo different characteristics hain un main say kuch un jan-daron ki environment k hisab say zyada suitable hon gay aur kuch kum. Jo zyada suitable characteristics walay jan-dar hon gay un k survive aur reproduce kurnay ka chance zyada hoga. Misal k taur pur jo choohay (rats) slow hon gay ya itnay chalak nahi hon gay woh zyada asani say billi k hath aa jayen gay. Mutlub yeh characteristics un choohon ki is environment k hisab say suitable nahi hain. Yad rahay k yeh nature aur environment hi determine kurti hai k kaun say characteristics suitable hain. Aur aisa bi hota hai k jo characteristics aj suitable hain woh kuch arsay bad suitable na rahain.

4. Akhri bat yeh k tamam jan-dar apnay characteristics agay apnay offspring ko transfer kurtay hain genes k zariye.

To mutlub yeh hai k 'nature' aisay individuals ko 'select' kurti jati hai jo us environment main 'survive' kurnay k k liye 'fittest' hotay hain--the survival of the fittest. Pechli post main hum nay dekha tha k is say gene frequency bi tabdeel hoti hai. Misal k taur pur nisbatan slow aur bewakuf choohay maray gaye. Jo zyada chalak aur taiz choohay thay un k bachay paida huay aur un ko apnay maan baap ki taizi aur chalaki mili. Gene frequency bi change ho gayi. Susti aur bewakufi walay kuch genes kum ho gaye population main thay. Aur yeh tabdeeli hur generation k sath ati rehti hai. Yahan tuk k kayi generations aur hazaron saalon bad gene frequency itni tabdeel hoti jati hai k species hi alag ho jati hain. Though species ka bunna itna simple nahi hota.

Is k sath hi evolution k sub say basic principles pur main nay likh diya hai. Mera muqsud sirf in sawalon k jawab dena tha k evolution hai kya, us k principles kya hain and how do they make sense genetically, scientifically and logicaly.

Evolution theory main overall kuch problems hain, kayi baton pur scientists agree nahi kurtay, kuch batain evolution sahi say explain nahi kurti laikin evolution ki buniyad kafi strong principles pur hai. Jin ki tardeed kurna, maujooda scientific knowledge k hisab say, mushkil hai. Pur science ki khoobsurati yeh hai k ager kabi proof mil gaya k evolution ka concept ghalat hai to sub change ho jaye ga. Its as simple as that. We can trust science on that, at least. Aisa nahi hoga k scientists kahain k hamaray nabi Darwin nay yeh kaha tha aur yeh khuda ki taraf say hai to yeh ghalat ho hi nahi sukta. Though kuch atheists ka attitude aisa hi hota hai pur science in general aisay kam nahi chulti. Ager aisa hota to scientists ab tuk is bat pur ludr rahay hotay k jub Janab-e-Hazrat Maulana Ishaq Newton Chishti Barelvi Suharwardi nay theory of gravitation aur laws of motion bata diye hain to Einstein kaisa fasiq aur kumbukht hai k woh theory of relativity say us ko ghalat prove kurnay ki koshish kur raha hai.

Kher, ager kisi nay meri ab tuk ki sari posts purhi hain. Links bi check kiye hain jo main nay un main post kiye, sirf thodray thodray check kiye hain to woh ab tuk evolution aur evolution say related zyada tur genetic aur dusri terms samajh chuka hoga.

To ager woh mazeed research kurna chahta hai to main nechay kuch links day raha hun jo faida mund hon gay:

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_01

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution

http://www.evolution.mbdojo.com/evolution-for-beginners.html

http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/selection/selection.html

http://animals.about.com/od/evolution/ss/evolution.htm

http://humanorigins.si.edu/resources/intro-human-evolution

Aj ki bat yahin khatam. Next post mai main is question pur likhun k evolution islam k khilaf hai ya nahi hai. Yeh jannay k liye k main next post kub kurta hun, you can subscribe by email (option can be found on the right) or follow the blog's page on facebook or my google+.

Irtiqa aur Islam-Part 3: Mechanisms of Evolution

Note: This post is written in Urdu (Roman Script) and English. Unless you understand Urdu/Hindi, you will not be able to read or understand it. I will translate these later, though, since I have quite a few American visitors I noticed.

Also if you haven't read the first two parts you can read them here: Part 1 and Part 2.

Pechli blog posts mai main nay sub say pehlay scientific theory ka mutlub clear kiya tha aur yeh show kiya tha k scientific theory ka meaning 'theory' k aam meaning say mukhtalif hota hai. Us k bad evolution k 3 basic concepts diye k evolution basically 'descent with modifications' hai aur yeh k evolution kayi levels pur hoti hai. Ek hi species ki population ki gene frequency main bi tabdeeli ati (microevolution). Aur common ancestors say new species k nikalnay ka process bi hota hai (macroevolution). Lastly yeh k tamam jan-daron ka ek hi common ancestor hai jis ko explain kurnay k liye main nay brief history of life (ya evolution) explain ki thi primitive prokaryotes say lay k insan tuk. Aj main yeh explain karun ga k evolution hoti kaisay hai.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pechli post main main nay evolution ko 'descent with modification' bayan kiya tha. Laikin is descent (ya new generations) main modify ya tabdeel hota kya hai? Ager kaha jaye k 'gene frequency' to ghalat nahi hoga. Evolution sirf tub hoti hai jub kisi bi biological population ki gene frequency main tabdeeli ati hai.
Biological population ki gene frequency us ki species main maujood kisi bi kisam k genes ka tanasub hai. Misal k taur pur hum furz kurtay hain matar k pauday (pea plant) k DNA main ek khas jagah (locus) pur 2 tarah k genes ho suktay hain. Ya to yellow color k mataron ka ya green color k mataron ka. Ab hum yeh bi furz kur letay hain jo population hum consider kur rahay hain us main 70% pea plants main green mataron wala gene hai. Jub k baki 30% main yellow mataron wala gene hai. To us population main yellow mataron ki gene frequency 30% hui. Aur jub yeh gene frequency change hogi, in the long run, evolution hogi.

Ab atay hain evolution ki taraf. Evolution k 4 basic mechanisms hain, mutlub evolution 4 mukhtalif tareekon say ho sukti hai. Aur woh hain mutation, gene flow ya migration, genetic drift aur sub say mashoor, natural selection. Yeh sub k sub population main gene frequencies change kur suktay hain aur descent with modification ka subub bun suktay hain.

1. Mutation: Mutation sada zuban main DNA sequence main change ko kehtay hain. Mutation ki mukhtalif wajoohat hoti hain jaisay k new cell bunnay k dauran DNA ka sahi say copy na hona ya mukhtalif radiation jaisay k x-rays, nuclear radiations waghera aur chemicals ki waja say DNA ka damage ho jana aur phir sahi say repair na ho sukna. Is tarah ki mutation zaruri nahi hai k unnatural ho kayi bar DNA thek environment main bi break down kur jata hai.
Mutation bilkul be-tarteeb hoti hai mutlub aisa nahi hota k mutation ka koi khas muqsud hota hai na hi yeh k us ka muqsud oraganism ko aisi qualities dena hota hai jo us k liye faida mund hon. Bilkul random hoti hai aur zyada tur (ek research k mutabik takreeban 70%) mutations jan-daron k liye nuksan-deh hi hoti hain. Baki bi zyada tur neutral hoti hain mutlub un ka na koi faida hota hai aur na hi nuksan. Bohat kum aisi hoti hai jo faida deti hai aur wohi gene frequency change kurti hain aur in the long run evolution ka sabab bunti hain. Ek aur bat bi kabil zikar hai k tamam mutations evolution say connected nahi hotin. Sirf woh mutations jo kabil-e-virasat (heritable) genes main hon wohi evolutionary process main contribute kurti hain. Mutation kaisay evolution main contribute kurti hai yeh samajhnay k liye nechay 'natural selection' k sath maujood image kafi faida-mund rahay ga.

2. Gene Flow ya Migration: Genes ka ek biological population say dusri population main move kurna ya migrate kurna gene flow kehlata hai. Species different populations main divided hoti hai. Misal k taur Multan k choohon (rats) ki bi ek population hai aur Beijing k choohon (rats) ki bi ek population hai. Hum yeh furz kur rahay hain woh ek hi species k choohay hain. Ab chance yeh hai k dono populations k choohon nay kabi apas main mate nahi kiya hoga aur woh kuch na kuch genetically mukhtalif hon gay. Mazeed hum yeh furz kurtay hain k ek Multani chooha kisi bi waja say Beijing pohanch jata hai. Wahin mate kurta hai aur us k bachay paida hotay hain. Jis ka nateeja yeh hoga k Beijing ki us population main kuch new genes shamil ho gay aur yehi gene flow ya migration hai. Insanon ka ek mulk say dusray mulk jana, pollen ka udr k ek population say dusri population main pohanch jana. Yeh dono bi gene flow ki hi misalain hain.

3. Genetic Drift: Gene frequency main koi bi aisa change jo be-tarteeb aur by chance ho woh genetic drift kehlata hai. Mutlub koi bi aisa change jo baki 3 mechanisms, mutation, gene flow ya natural selection ki waja say na ho woh genetic drift kehlaye ga. Muslan hum furz kurtay hain k ek choohon ki population main 5 black choohay thay aur 5 hi white. Mutlub us wuqt white aur black gene frequency brabar thi. Laikin un white choohon main say 3 nay kisi insan ki dali choohay mar dawai (rodenticide) kha li aur mar gaye. Population main gene frequency tabdeel ho gayi. Agli generation main black choohay white choohon say kafi zyada hon gay. Yeh genetic drift k zumray main aye gi. Is ka khas asar choti populations pur hota hai jahan genetic diversity nisbatan kum hoti hai. Mutlub jahan thay hi ek gene walay total 5 choohay un main say adhay say zyada mur gaye. Jub k is ki nisbat budri population main ager 3 mur bi jatay to koi itna furq nahi pudrta.

4. Natural Selection:

                                               Source: wikipedia.org
                              Jub mutation aur natural selection ek sath hoti hain
                                         
Aj main sirf ek misal day kur natural selection pur bat khatam kurta hun. Next post main is ko detail main cover karun ga. Furz kurtay hain k white choohay (rats) bilion (cats) ko zyada asani say nazar atay hain ba-nisbat black choohon k. Jis ka nateeja yeh hoga k billian white choohon ko zyada pakdrain gi aur woh zyada maray jayen gay. Mutlub black choohon ka bachnay ka chance (chance of survival) zyada hoga aur woh zyada offsprings (aulad) paida kur sukain gay jin ko woh apnay black color k genes agay transfer karain gay. Mutlub yeh k agli generation main black choohay nisbatan zyada hon gay. Yeh hai chund alfaz main natural selection.

Aj ki bat yahin khatam. Next post mai main natural selection mazeed explain karun ga aur evolution pur mazeed bi likhun ga. Meri koshish to thi k juld uz juld khatam karun pur main chahta hun k jo explain karun woh sahi say explain karun aur evolution samajhna asan nahi, shayad isi liye itni controversial hai. Kher, yeh jannay k liye k main next post kub kurta hun, you can subscribe by email (option can be found on the right) or follow the blog's page on facebook or my google+.

Irtiqa aur Islam-Part 2: Evolution and History of life

Note: This post is written in Urdu (Roman Script) and English. Unless you understand Urdu/Hindi, you will not be able to read or understand it. I will translate these later, though, since I have quite a few American visitors I noticed.

Also if you haven't read the first part you might want to read it here.

Pechli blog post mai main nay yeh clear kurnay ki koshish ki thi k scientific theory ka meaning 'theory' word k aam meaning say mukhtalif hota hai aur yeh k theory in itself complete hoti hai, mutlub k woh 2nd last level nahi hota jis nay mazeed confirm ho k law bunna hota hai. Even though theory ghalat ho sukti hai but woh guess nahi hoti bulkay aisi cheez hoti hai jo na sirf khud bohat si chezain ko explain kur rahi hoti hai bulkay us k zariye scientists predictions bana kur mazeed research kur suktay hain. Yehi waja hai k science main theory k ahmiat bohat zyada hai.

Evolution (Irtiqa)

Ager hum biological evolution ko kum say kum alfaz main bayan kurna chahain to 'descent with modifications' perfect words hain. 'Descent with modification' ek wasee term hai. Hamain maloom hai k tamam jan-daron ko maan baap say ek genetic 'naqsha' (blueprint) milta hai. Aur hamari kafi sari khasoosiat us naqshay ya blueprint k mutabik hoti hain. Hum yeh bi jantay hain k woh naqsha hamesha maan baap ki exact copy nahi hota. Hur mutawatir nasal main kuch thodri si tabdeelian aa jati hain. Jaisay jaisay woh tabdeelian jama hoti jati hain jan-dar tabdeel hotay jatay hain. Is ko hum descent with modification keh suktay hain. Aur yehi modifications ya tabdeelian bioligical evolution ka sabab bunti hain. Descent with modification wali definition us chotay pemanay pur honay evolution (microevolution) ko bi cover kurti hai jis k zariye ek hi species ki abadi ki gene frequency main tabdeeli ati hai aur us budray pemanay pur honay wali evolution (macroevolution) ko bi cover kurti hai jis main ek mushtariq mooris-e-a'laa (common ancestor) say mukhtalif species bunti hain.

Yahin say hamain evolution ka dusra ahem concept milta hai aur woh yeh k duniya pur tamam jan-daron ka mushtariq mooris-e-a'laa (common ancestor) ek hi hai. Mutlub yeh k jitnay bi jan-dar is duniya main hain woh ek hi jandar say evolve huay hain. Is concept ko samajhnay k lie behter hoga k hum zara zameen ki history of life pur ek brief si nazar daal lain.

History of life

 

                                             Source: http://www.science.uct.ac.za

             Image ko budra kurnay k liye image ko right click kur k 'view image' pur click karain

Scientists ka andaza hai k zameen takreeban 4.5 billion saal purani hai. Takreeban 1 billion saal tuk zameen ki aisi halat nahi thi k us pur koi bi life exist kur sukti. In-fact kuch different theories k mutabik 3.8-3.5 billion saal qabl duniya pur jub life shuru hui tub bi duniya ka aisa haal nahi tha k yahan pay life shuru ho sukti isi liye ek hypothesis yeh bi hai life duniya pur shuru hi nahi hui bulkay bahar say kahin say ayi (panspermia), shayad Mars say. Kyun k us wuqt Mars is halat main tha k wahan life paida ho sukti thi ya phir shayad kahin aur say.

Kher andaza yeh hai k 3.5 billion saal say qabl hi duniya main life aa chuki thi. Aur yeh qadeem jan-dar tumam maujooda aur na-paed (extinct) jan-daron ka common ancestor hai. Yad rahay k in 2 paragraphs main ab tuk jo kuch main nay likha us ka evolution k sath kuch bi taluk nahi. Evolution yeh nahi batati k zindagi kaisay shuru hui. Evolution sirf yeh batati hai k zindagi kaisay agay burhi.

Phir takreeban 3 billion saal qabl kuch aisay jandar paida huay jo photosynthesis ka amal kur suktay thay aur hamaray atmosphere main oxygen shamil hona shuru hui. Jis k nateejay main qisam qisam k janwar paida hona shuru huay. Takreeban 1 say 1.2 billion saal qabl sexual reproduction shuru hui jis ki waja say evolution ka process taiz hua. Kyun k sexual reproduction main genes maan baap say exact copy nahi hotay bulkay different variations bunti hai un k durmiyan. As compared to asexual reproduction jo us say pehlay hoti thi jis main genes exact copy hotay hain aur variation k chances nisbatan kum hotay hain.

Takreeban 530-550 million saal qabl ek daur aya jis k liye Cambrian explosion ka lufz istamal kiya jata hai. Kyun k yehi time tha jub nisbatan modern type k janwaron nay evolve kiya. Pehlay reedrh ki huddi walay janwar (vertebrates), bi usi daur main evolve huay. Phir takreeban 360 million saal qabl amphibians ki tarah k janwar paida huay jo k pani say bahar zindagi ka kuch hissa guzarnay walay pehlay janwar thay us say pehlay sirf plants aur invertebrates hi khushki (land) pur apni zindagi guzartay thay baki sub oceans main hotay thay. Jaisay jaisay food k chances khushki (land) pur burhtay gaye yeh janwar bi khushki ki taraf evolve kurtay gaye. 300 say 150 million saal pehlay k period main amphibians say pehlay reptiles aur phir reptiles say birds aur phir mammals evolve huay.

Takreeban 8-6 million saal pehlay tuk chimpanzees aur insan ka common ancestor ek hi tha. Wahan pay hamari 'rahain juda' ho gayin, so to speak. Yeh evolution Africa main hui. Insan ki sub say khas bat--2 paon pay chulna--takreeban 4 million saal pehlay evolve hua. Jub k zyada complex chezain jaisay k budra dimagh, bolnay ki salahiyat, art waghera inhi pechlay ek lakh (100,000) saalon main evolve hua. Jub homo sapiens (modern insan) aye.

6 million say 2 million saal qabl tuk k period main insan k ancestors sirf Africa main hi rahay. Yeh andaza is bat say lagay jata hai k us wuqt ki human species k tamam fossils sirf Africa say milay hain. Scientists k mutabik takreeban 15 say 20 different human species nay duniya main wqut guzara hai. At least fossils itnion k milay hain. Aur yeh bi k un main say kisi ka bi (ya at least zyada tur ka) koi descendent nahi hai is wuqt duniya main. 5 lakh (500,000) saal qabl hamaray sub say qareebi 'bhai' jinhain Neanderthals kehtay hain evolve huay aur takreeban 100,000 saal pehlay hum (homo sapiens) evolve huay.

Aj ki bat yahin khatam. Next post mai main explain karun ga k evolution hoti kaisay hai aur most probably us say agli main Islam ki bat hogi. Yeh jannay k liye k main next post kub kurta hun, you can subscribe by email (option can be found on the left) or follow the blog's page on facebook or my google+.

Irtiqa aur Islam-Part 1: Scientific Theory

Note: This post is written in Urdu (Roman script) and English. Unless you know Urdu/Hindi, you will not be able to read or understand it.

Kuch din pehlay mujhe ittefaq say facebook pur ek discussion nazar ayi jo k Pakistani born atheists aur Muslims k durmiyan thi. Aur us main evolution ka zikar bi aya. Us ko dekh k mujhe aisa mehsus hua k jaisay woh dicussion koi Christian fundamentalist aur Western atheist k durmiyan ho na k Pakistani logon k durmiyan jaisi k woh honi chahiye thi. Is main kuch to un Muslims aur atheists ka fault hai k unhon nay kabi Islam aur science dono ko seriously liya hi nahi aur kuch puri Pakistani quom ka bi hai k unhon nay kabi evolution k mamlay ko seriously nahi liya. Yehi waja hai k main yeh aj wali post urdu main likh raha hun takay maximum loge is ko zyada say zyada samajh sakain. Kyun k Islamic world main burhti hui education, biology ki importance aur intenet k access ki waja say ab yeh topic agay aye ga hi, aj ya kul. Hamari generation shayad yeh guzar jaye gi bagher samjhay pur agli generation zarur sawal karay gi.

 Is post main sub say pehlay meri koshish hogi k main chund ek alfaz k meaning clear karun jo baki post main use honay hain ya jo samajhna zaruri hain kisi bi purhnay walay k liye. Us k bad main evolution ki full explanation dun ga, jis main microevolution, macroevolution, natural selection aur human evolution ki explanations examples k sath shamil hon gi. Aur is bat ki explanation bi k akhir scientists ko kyun lugta hai k yeh strong theory hai. Yad rahay k is post main mera muqsud evolution ka scientific status determine kurna nahi hai. Mera muqsud sirf evolution ki knowledge spread kurna aur is sawal ka jawab discuss kurna hai k 'Kya evolution Islam k khilaf hai ya nahi?'. Akhir mai main different Muslim authorities k evolution pur views likhun ga. Aur un say koi nateeja nikalnay ki koshish karun ga.

Ab asal topic ki taraf atay hain. Jub bi evolution ka zikar ata hai to pehla argument jo aam loge, mutlub jo science nahi jantay, us k khilaf pehla argument yeh detay hain woh yeh k kyun k evolutionsirf ek theory hai is liye evolution ki fikar kurnay ki ya us ko samajhnay ki zarurat hi nahi. Haqeeqt yeh hai k woh scientific method main theory ka sahi meaning hi nahi samajhtay.

                                                   

                                                   Source: www.fsteiger.com

Un ka khayal hota hai k pehlay hypothesis bunta hai phir us say theory aur phir us say law bunta hai. In-fact mujhe yad hai k mujhe matric main yehi bat purhai gayi thi aj say koi 8 saal pehlay. Ya phir yeh k science main bi theory ka wohi meaning hota hai jo us ka general meaning hai. Nahi! Ager kisi ka yeh khayal hai to woh ghalat hai kyun k scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of a natural phenomena. Newton ki theory of gravity aur motion of planets bi theory hai isi tarah yeh bat k insanon ko bacteria, viruses aur deegar geraseemon ki waja say bemarian hoti hain bi ek theory hai. In-fact sari ki sari science hi theory based hai. Laws bi facts hotay hain pur woh zyada exact hotay hai aur zyada tur mathematical forms main hotay hain. Theory zyada general hoti hain. Laws yeh batatay hain k hota kya hai. Yeh nahi batatay k hota kyun hai. Theory yeh bi batati hai k hota kyun hai kuch. Yeh bat nahi hai k theory ghalat nahi ho sukti. Ghalat ho sukti hai kyun k science apni kisi bi bat ko hurf e akhir nahi kehti. Misal k taur pur Einstein ki theory of relativity nay Newton k laws of motion ko ghalat sabit kur diya sadion bad though Newton k laws of motion abi bi istamal kiye jatay hain kyun k ager object ki speed light k speed ki nisbat zyada na ho to woh thek hi result detay hain. 

Is line say pehlay 666 *evil smile* words ho chukay hain is liye main aj ki post ko yahin khatam kurta hun. Kyun k main chahta hun k hur admi yeh posts purhay aur aisa na ho k post ka size dekh k hi bhag jaye akhir 3 din say planning aur research isi liye kur raha hun. To find out when I post the next time (jo k ek adh din main hi kur dun ga) with the rest of the stuff ap loge yeh facebook page like kur suktay hain, better yet allow notifications from the page. Ya phir twitter, google, email waghera pur bi follow kur suktay hain..